The concept of **Noise** (interference) in the mathematical model of communication was defined by ___________?

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE MCQs ▼

• World Famous Places
• Residences of Heads of State
• Important International Days
• Mountains in the World
• Oceans of the World
• Famous Lakes of the World
• Rivers of the World
• Deserts of the World
• Famous Straits of the World
• Famous Isthmus of the World
• Capitals of the World's Countries
• Currencies of the World
• International Organizations & Alliances
• Important Books & Authors (World & Pakistani)
• Sports
• Inventions & Discoveries
• First in the World / Pakistan
• National Symbols
• Major Wars & Conflicts
• Historical Events & Eras
• Famous Nicknames/Titles
• Awards & Honours
• Aviation & Space
• Solar System
• Parliaments & Political Systems
• News Agencies & Media Houses
• Health & Diseases
• Important Vitamins

CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQs ▼

• Pakistan & World Affairs 2025 MCQs
• Pakistan & World Affairs 2024 MCQs
• Pakistan & World Affairs 2023 MCQs

PAKISTAN STUDY MCQs ▼

• Arrival of Islam in the Subcontinent MCQs
• Muhammad Bin Qasim (712–715) MCQs
• Ghaznavids Dynasty MCQs
• Ghurid Dynasty MCQs
• Delhi Sultanate MCQs
• Mughal Empire in India MCQs
• Downfall of Muslims in the Subcontinent MCQs
• British East India Company Rule MCQs
• War of Independence 1857 MCQs
• Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan) MCQs
• Nadva-tul-Ulama Movement MCQs
• Deoband Movement MCQs
• Faraizi Movement MCQs
• Tehreek-e-Mujahideen MCQs
• Tehreek-e-Wahdat-e-Islami MCQs
• Hindu Revivalist Movements (Arya Samaj, etc.) MCQs
• Partition of Bengal 1905 & Annulment 1911 MCQs
• Formation of Indian National Congress 1885 MCQs
• Formation of All India Muslim League 1906 MCQs
• Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 MCQs
• Lucknow Pact 1916 MCQs
• Khilafat Movement (1919–1924) MCQs
• Non-Cooperation Movement MCQs
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 1919 MCQs
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919 MCQs
• Nehru Report 1928 MCQs
• Quaid-e-Azam’s 14 Points 1929 MCQs
• Allahabad Address 1930 (Allama Iqbal) MCQs
• Round Table Conferences 1930–32 MCQs
• Government of India Act 1935 MCQs
• Lahore Resolution 1940 (Pakistan Resolution) MCQs
• Cripps Mission 1942 MCQs
• Quit India Movement 1942 MCQs
• Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944 MCQs
• Simla Conference 1945 MCQs
• Elections of 1945–46 MCQs
• Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 MCQs
• Direct Action Day 1946 MCQs
• Interim Government 1946 MCQs
• 3rd June Plan / Mountbatten Plan 1947 MCQs
• Indian Independence Act 1947 MCQs
• Independence of Pakistan 1947 MCQs
• Partition of Punjab & Bengal 1947 MCQs
• Refugee Crisis & Rehabilitation 1947 MCQs
• Kashmir Issue 1947–48 (First Kashmir War) MCQs
• Objectives Resolution 1949 MCQs
• Karachi as First Capital MCQs
• Liaquat Ali Khan Assassination 1951 MCQs
• First Constitution of Pakistan 1956 MCQs
• One Unit Scheme 1955 MCQs
• Martial Law of 1958 (Ayub Khan) ▼
  • Martial Law of 1958 MCQs
  • Basic Democracies System 1959 MCQs
  • 1962 Constitution of Pakistan MCQs
  • Indus Water Treaty 1960 MCQs
  • War of 1965 (Second Pakistan–India War) MCQs
  • Tashkent Agreement 1966 MCQs
  • Fall of Ayub Khan 1969 MCQs
• Yahya Khan Era (1969–1971) ▼
  • General Elections 1970 MCQs
  • Fall of Dhaka 1971 MCQs
  • Third Pakistan–India War 1971 MCQs
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Era (1971–1977) ▼
  • Simla Agreement 1972 MCQs
  • 1973 Constitution of Pakistan MCQs
  • Islamic Summit Conference Lahore 1974 MCQs
  • Nuclear Program Initiation 1974 MCQs
• Zia-ul-Haq Era (1977–1988) ▼
  • Martial Law 1977 MCQs
  • Islamization Policies MCQs
  • Afghan War 1979–1989 MCQs
  • Geneva Accord 1988 MCQs
  • Death of Zia-ul-Haq 1988 MCQs
• Democratic Period (1988–1999) ▼
  • Benazir Bhutto First Woman PM 1988 MCQs
  • Elections of 1990, 1993, 1997 MCQs
  • Pakistan Joins Nuclear Club 1998 (Chagai-I) MCQs
  • Kargil War 1999 MCQs
  • Military Coup 1999 (Musharraf) MCQs
• Musharraf Era (1999–2008) ▼
  • 9/11 & Pakistan in War on Terror 2001 MCQs
  • Legal Framework Order 2002 MCQs
  • Lal Masjid Operation 2007 MCQs
  • Benazir Bhutto Assassination 2007 MCQs
• Democracy Restored (2008–2018) ▼
  • 18th Amendment 2010 MCQs
  • China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) 2015 MCQs
  • Operation Zarb-e-Azb 2014 MCQs
  • Panama Papers Case & Nawaz Sharif Disqualification 2017 MCQs
• Recent Developments (2018–Present) ▼
  • 2018 Elections (PTI Government) MCQs
  • Kartarpur Corridor Opening 2019 MCQs
  • COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan 2020 MCQs
  • 2022 No-Confidence Motion Against Imran Khan MCQs
  • Floods of 2022 MCQs
  • Elections of 2024 MCQs
  • Pakistan’s Current Foreign Policy 2025 MCQs

ENGLISH MCQs ▼

• Parts of Speech
• English Tenses
• Subject–Verb Agreement
• Direct & Indirect Speech
• Active & Passive Voice
• Articles
• Prepositions
• Conditional Sentences
• Punctuation
• Modals
• Error Correction
• Synonyms & Antonyms
• One Word Substitution
• Idioms & Phrases
• Pair of Words
• Spelling Correction
• Foreign Words & Expressions
• Reading Comprehension
• Analogy
• Cloze Test
• Paragraph Completion
• Sentence Improvement
• Appropriate Words Usage
• Confused Words
• Sentence Rearrangement

EVERYDAY SCIENCE MCQs ▼

• Human Body & Health
• Cell Biology & Microorganisms
• Plants & Photosynthesis
• Basic Physics & Measurements
• Heat, Light & Sound
• Electricity & Magnetism
• Basic Chemistry & Matter
• Acids, Bases & Salts
• Earth & Space Science
• Environment & Ecology
• Energy Sources
• Everyday Technology & Inventions
• Scientific Instruments & Units
• Famous Scientists & Discoveries
• Public Health & Diseases
• Food, Vitamins & Nutrition
• Agriculture & Fertilizers
• Water, Air & Pollution
• Miscellaneous Scientific Facts

PEDAGOGY MCQs ▼

• 500 Most Repeated MCQs
• Foundations of Education
• Teaching & Learning Process
• Learning Theories & Psychologists
• Educational Psychology
• Measurement, Evaluation & Assessment
• Teaching Methods & Techniques
• Educational Technology
• Curriculum & Instruction
• Classroom Management
• Educational Philosophy
• Educational Administration & Supervision
• Recent Trends in Education

Geography ▼

• Earth & Its Structure
• Shape, Movements & Measurements of Earth
• Atmosphere & Climate
• Hydrosphere & Oceans
• Landforms & Physical Features
• Rocks, Minerals & Soils
• Population & Human Geography
• Agriculture & Food Production
• Natural Resources & Industries
• Transportation & Communication
• World Physical Geography
• World Political & Economic Geography
• Geography of Pakistan
• Environmental & Regional Geography
• Current & Applied Geography

اردو MCQs ▼

• Repeated Urdu MCQsاردو قواعد
• اسم، فعل، صفت، ضمیر
• واحد و جمع / مذکر و مؤنث
• جملے کی درستی
• مترادف و متضاد الفاظ
• محاورے اور کہاوتیں
• غلط العام و درست املا
• مشہور شعرا و شاعری
• مشہور نثر نگار و نثر
• اردو ادب کی تاریخ
• غزل، نظم، قصیدہ، مرثیہ
• ادبی اصطلاحات و صنعتیں
• اردو تنقید و تحقیق
• اہم کتابیں و مصنفین
• اقبال کا فلسفہ و کلام
• جدید اردو ادب
• اردو صحافت و بانیان
• ترجمہ و جملہ درستی
• الفاظ کے معنی و لغت
• اردو زبان کا آغاز و ارتقاء

ISLAMIC STUDY MCQs ▼

• Pre-Islamic Period ▼
  • Jahiliyyah (Age of Ignorance) MCQs
• Life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ (Makkah Period)▼
  • Birth and Early Life of Prophet ﷺ MCQs
  • Revelation in Cave Hira (610 A.D) MCQs
  • Early Preaching & Persecution MCQs
  • Migration to Abyssinia (615 A.D) MCQs
  • Social Boycott (616–619 A.D) MCQs
  • Year of Sorrow (619 A.D) MCQs
  • Isra & Mi’raj (Night Journey) MCQs
  • Pledges of Aqabah (621–622 A.D) MCQs
• Life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ (Madinah Period)▼
  • Hijrat to Madinah (622 A.D) MCQs
  • Charter of Madinah (622 A.D) MCQs
  • Brotherhood (Muakhat) in Madinah MCQs
  • Change of Qibla (624 A.D) MCQs
  • Battle of Badr (624 A.D) MCQs
  • Battle of Uhud (625 A.D) MCQs
  • Battle of Khandaq (627 A.D) MCQs
  • Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628 A.D) MCQs
  • Battle of Khaybar (628 A.D) MCQs
  • Conquest of Makkah (630 A.D) MCQs
  • Battle of Tabuk (631 A.D) MCQs
  • Farewell Hajj & Last Sermon MCQs
• Khulafa-e-Rashideen (632–661 A.D)▼
  • Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique (R.A) MCQs
  • Hazrat Umar Farooq (R.A) MCQs
  • Hazrat Usman Ghani (R.A) MCQs
  • Hazrat Ali (R.A) MCQs
• Umayyad & Abbasid Period▼
  • Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 A.D) MCQs
  • Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 A.D) MCQs
• Later Islamic Empires▼
  • Muslim Spain (Andalus) MCQs
  • Ottoman Empire (1299–1924 A.D) MCQs
  • Mughal Empire in Subcontinent (1526–1857 A.D) MCQs
• Islamic Teachings & Sources▼
  • Qur’an MCQs
  • Hadith MCQs
  • Fiqh & Islamic Jurisprudence (Four Schools of Thought) MCQs
  • Pillars of Islam MCQs
  • Articles of Faith (Iman) MCQs
  • Islamic Culture & Civilization MCQs
• Modern Islamic Movements▼
  • Shah Waliullah Movement MCQs
  • Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan) MCQs
  • Deoband & Nadwa MCQs
  • Khilafat Movement MCQs
  • Pakistan Movement (Islamic perspective) MCQs

Public Service Commissions Exams ▼

• PPSC – Punjab Public Service Commission
• FPSC – Federal Public Service Commission
• SPSC – Sindh Public Service Commission
• KPPSC – Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Public Service Commission
• BPSC – Balochistan Public Service Commission
• AJKPSC – AJK Public Service Commission
• GBPSC – Gilgit-Baltistan Public Service Commission

Admission and Scholarship Exams ▼

• HEC LAT – Law Admission Test
• HEC GAT – Graduate Assessment Test
• HEC USAT – Undergraduate Studies Admission Test
• NUMS MDCAT – Army Medical Test
• UHS MDCAT – Punjab Medical Test
• ETEA MDCAT/ECAT – KPK Test
• FAST-NU Admission Test
• GIKI Engineering Test
• PIEAS Engineering/Science Test
• Scholarship Exams – PEEF, HEC

FORCES RECRUITMENT MCQs ▼

• ISSB – Inter Services Selection Board
• Army, Navy, Air Force Initial Tests
• ASF – Airport Security Force
• Police Recruitment – via NTS/PTS

BANKING/FINANCE JOBS MCQs ▼

• SBP OG-1 / OG-2 – State Bank
• NBP, ZTBL, MCB – Bank Jobs
• SECP, FBR, NAB – Finance Jobs

TESTING SERVICES MCQs ▼

• NTS – National Testing Service
• OTS – Open Testing Service
• PTS – Pakistan Testing Service
• CTS – Candidate Testing Service
• UTS – Universal Testing Services
• STS – SIBA Testing Service
• ETEA – KPK Evaluation Agency

MANAGEMENT SCIENCES MCQs ▼

• Business Administration
• Finance
• Marketing
• Human Resource
• Accounting
• Auditing

ENGINEERING SUBJECTS MCQs ▼

• Civil Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Chemical Engineering
• Computer Engineering
• Software Engineering

Social Sciences Subjects ▼

• Sociology
• Psychology
• Political Science
• International Relations
• History
• Geography
• Anthropology
• Economics
• Civics
• Gender Studies
• Law / Legal Studies
• Education / Pedagogy
• Social Work
• Development Studies
• Public Administration
• Environmental Studies
• Mass Communication
• Ethics / Morality Studies
• Human Rights
• Cultural Studies

Popular Past Papers ▼

• PPSC Past Papers
• FPSC Past Papers
• CSS Past Papers
• NTS Past Papers
• KPPSC Past Papers
• SPSC Past Papers